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The Virus That Never Leaves: What Epstein-Barr Is Really Doing to Your Body

The Virus That Never Leaves: What Epstein-Barr Is Really Doing to Your Body

The Lasting Impact of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

The silent virus that can affect your health for decades.

Most people know Epstein-Barr virus as the cause of mono. What most people do not know is that after the initial infection, EBV permanently settles inside a specific type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte. Your immune system does not eliminate it. It learns to contain it. When that containment holds, you feel well. When it breaks down, symptoms can be wide-ranging, persistent, and very difficult to connect back to a virus most doctors stopped thinking about decades ago.

Over 90 to 95 percent of adults carry EBV. Only a fraction develop chronic symptoms. Genetics, nutritional status, oxidative stress, sleep quality, hormones, environmental exposures, and immune regulation all influence how effectively the body keeps EBV dormant. When multiple factors converge, the immune system can lose its ability to hold the virus in check.

Understanding why that happens requires looking at the biology of the person carrying the virus, not just the virus itself.


Why Chronic EBV Looks Nothing Like Mono

The classic mono presentation, sore throat, swollen glands, and extreme fatigue, is the acute phase. Chronic EBV reactivation looks entirely different. The symptoms below are what bring people to functional medicine practitioners after years of being told their labs are normal and there is nothing wrong.

Crushing fatigue
Brain fog
Poor memory
Anxiety
Depression
Headaches and migraines
Muscle and joint pain
Burning nerve pain
Tingling and numbness
Internal vibrations
Dizziness and vertigo
Tinnitus
Balance problems
Light sensitivity
Sound sensitivity
Exercise intolerance
Temperature intolerance
Swollen lymph nodes
Chronic sinus congestion
Frequent infections
Poor recovery after illness
Panic attacks
Sensory overload
Insomnia
Hypervigilance

These symptoms do not all come from the virus replicating. Many of them come from what happens in the body when the immune system is chronically activated. The inflammation generated during viral reactivation produces oxidative stress and chemical messengers that affect the brain, the nervous system, the mitochondria, and the gut simultaneously. That is why the symptom picture is so broad and why it can persist for months or years.


Can Epstein-Barr Cause Nerve Pain?

Many people assume EBV only affects the immune system. The reality is that the inflammation produced during viral reactivation reaches the nervous system directly.

When the immune system detects EBV reactivation, it produces inflammatory chemicals that circulate throughout the body. Some of these chemicals can cross into the brain and activate specialized immune cells in the nervous system called microglia. When microglia become activated, they produce their own inflammatory signals that can interfere with nerve cell communication, damage the protective myelin sheath around nerves, and disrupt the normal balance of excitatory and inhibitory chemistry in the brain.

This helps explain why so many people with chronic EBV experience burning nerve pain, tingling, numbness, internal vibrations, and what many describe as feeling like their nervous system is stuck in overdrive.

Viral reactivation also places enormous strain on the mitochondria inside nerve cells. Nerve cells require a continuous, uninterrupted energy supply to function normally. When mitochondria are damaged by oxidative stress, nerve signaling becomes erratic, recovery from exertion slows dramatically, and the nervous system loses its ability to regulate itself efficiently.

People commonly describe chronic EBV as feeling like their brain never shuts off, like they cannot tolerate stress anymore, or like their body is vibrating internally. These descriptions reflect real physiological changes in nervous system chemistry and energy production, not anxiety or imagination.

Chronic EBV has also been associated with autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The autonomic system controls heart rate, blood pressure, digestion, temperature regulation, and many unconscious body functions. When it becomes dysregulated from chronic inflammation and oxidative stress, symptoms like dizziness upon standing, temperature intolerance, exercise intolerance, and digestive problems can become persistent.


Can Epstein-Barr Cause Anxiety?

EBV, Glutamate, and the Overstimulated Brain

One of the most underrecognized connections in chronic EBV is the relationship between inflammation and brain chemistry.

The brain uses two primary types of chemical messengers. Glutamate is excitatory, meaning it activates nerve cells. GABA is inhibitory, meaning it quiets them. In a healthy nervous system, these two stay in balance. When the brain is inflamed, that balance can shift. Inflammatory signals can increase the activity of glutamate while reducing GABA's calming influence.

The result is a nervous system that is chronically overstimulated. Cells fire more easily than they should. The brain has a harder time filtering incoming information. Recovery from stress becomes slower. The nervous system stays in a state of heightened alert even when there is no actual threat present.

This physiological shift helps explain why people with chronic EBV so often develop:

  • Anxiety that seems to appear without a clear cause
  • Panic attacks
  • OCD patterns or intrusive thinking
  • Insomnia and difficulty turning the brain off at night
  • Sensory overload and difficulty tolerating noise or light
  • Sound sensitivity
  • Muscle tightness and tension
  • Hypervigilance
  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

These symptoms are not purely psychological. They reflect changes in brain chemistry driven by inflammation. Supporting GABA pathways, reducing oxidative stress, and addressing the nutrients that support inhibitory neurotransmitter production are all part of addressing the neurological picture in chronic EBV.

Genes that influence glutamate and GABA metabolism, including GAD1, COMT, and several methylation variants, can make some people more susceptible to this pattern than others. This is why the same level of viral reactivation produces anxiety and neurological symptoms in one person and minimal symptoms in another.


Why EBV Can Raise Histamine

Histamine is a chemical the body uses for immune signaling, digestion, and brain communication. In normal amounts it is essential. When it accumulates faster than the body can break it down, it becomes a significant driver of symptoms.

Viral infections activate mast cells. Mast cells are immune cells found in high concentrations in connective tissue, the gut, the skin, the lungs, and the brain. When a mast cell is triggered, it releases histamine rapidly and in large amounts. This is part of the immune response. The problem arises when histamine cannot clear fast enough and begins to accumulate in tissue.

Elevated histamine can produce a wide range of symptoms including:

Anxiety and racing thoughts
Heart palpitations
Insomnia, especially difficulty falling asleep
Headaches and migraines
Flushing or skin reactions
Nasal congestion
Digestive discomfort
Itching
Dizziness
Fatigue after eating

People who struggle most with histamine accumulation during EBV reactivation often have genetic variants that slow histamine breakdown. The two primary enzymes responsible for clearing histamine are DAO, which works in the gut, and HNMT, which works in the brain and tissues. Variants in the genes encoding these enzymes reduce their efficiency.

Additional genetic variants that can compound histamine burden include:

DAO (Diamine Oxidase)

Breaks down histamine in the digestive tract. Reduced DAO activity allows dietary and immune-generated histamine to accumulate more readily.

HNMT (Histamine N-Methyltransferase)

Clears histamine inside cells, particularly in the brain and nervous system. Variants that reduce HNMT activity may contribute to neurological histamine symptoms.

COMT

Clears catecholamines and also influences histamine metabolism indirectly. Slow COMT can compound the neurological effects of elevated histamine.

MAOA

Involved in breaking down histamine as well as serotonin and dopamine. Reduced MAOA activity may increase histamine accumulation alongside neurotransmitter imbalance.

GST Variants (GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1)

Support detoxification and antioxidant capacity. When these are reduced, the inflammatory environment that drives mast cell activation persists longer.

Vitamin C is one of the most important nutrients for histamine clearance. It supports the DAO enzyme directly and helps break down histamine in tissue. This is one of the reasons high histamine symptoms often worsen when vitamin C status is poor and improve when it is corrected.


Can Epstein-Barr Affect Your Eyes?

Vision symptoms are one of the most distressing and least discussed aspects of chronic EBV. Most people are never told that there is a connection between the virus and what they are experiencing with their eyes.

Research has associated EBV with several inflammatory conditions affecting the visual system, including:

  • Uveitis (inflammation inside the eye)
  • Retinal inflammation
  • Optic neuritis (inflammation of the optic nerve)
  • Blurred vision and difficulty focusing
  • Floaters
  • Eye pain
  • Light sensitivity
  • Double vision in some cases

EBV does not directly cause every vision problem. The connection appears to be driven by the inflammation and oxidative stress that viral reactivation generates in the nervous system and surrounding tissue. The optic nerve is part of the central nervous system, and it is vulnerable to the same inflammatory processes that affect the brain and spinal cord.

Light sensitivity in particular often reflects neurological inflammation rather than a problem with the eye itself. When the brain is in an inflamed or overstimulated state, it processes sensory input more intensely. This is the same mechanism behind sound sensitivity and sensory overload in chronic EBV.

If you are experiencing persistent visual symptoms alongside fatigue, brain fog, and nervous system symptoms, the inflammatory picture driving those neurological symptoms may be affecting the visual system as well.


Why Does Epstein-Barr Keep Coming Back?

Oxidative Stress and the Viral Reactivation Cycle

Oxidative stress is one of the primary reasons EBV keeps reactivating in people who are susceptible to it.

Every cell in the body produces oxidative byproducts as part of normal metabolism. Under healthy conditions, antioxidant systems neutralize these byproducts before they cause damage. When antioxidant capacity is depleted, through nutrient deficiencies, chronic stress, illness, or genetic variants that reduce enzyme efficiency, oxidative byproducts begin to accumulate.

Oxidative stress weakens many of the defenses the immune system relies on to keep dormant viruses under control. Immune cells need adequate antioxidant support to function efficiently. Natural killer cells, which are responsible for identifying and clearing virally infected cells, are particularly sensitive to oxidative damage. When they are impaired, the virus has an easier time reactivating and spreading to new cells.

The relationship between oxidative stress and viral reactivation tends to be self-reinforcing. Viral reactivation produces more oxidative stress. More oxidative stress further weakens immune cell function. Weakened immune cells are less effective at controlling the virus. Breaking this cycle requires restoring antioxidant capacity from the ground up, which is exactly what orthomolecular nutrition is designed to do.

The strongest EBV reactivation triggers, major illness, surgery, pregnancy, chronic sleep deprivation, prolonged emotional stress, overtraining, and significant nutrient depletion, all share one thing in common. Each one depletes antioxidant reserves and increases oxidative load. That is the common thread connecting them.

Elevated cortisol from prolonged physiological stress also reduces natural killer cell activity directly. This is why stress is one of the most consistent triggers for viral flare-ups. Supporting the nervous system and the stress response is inseparable from supporting viral dormancy.


What Chronic EBV Does to Mitochondria

Mitochondria are the structures inside cells responsible for producing energy. Every immune response, every nerve signal, every cellular repair process depends on mitochondria producing enough energy to support it.

When EBV reactivates, the immune response that follows places enormous energy demands on the body. Immune cells have to replicate rapidly, produce antibodies, and clear infected cells, all of which require large amounts of cellular energy. At the same time, the oxidative stress generated during viral activity damages mitochondria directly.

This combination, increased energy demand alongside mitochondrial damage, produces some of the most common and debilitating symptoms associated with chronic EBV:

  • Fatigue that sleep does not resolve
  • Exercise intolerance and post-exertional crashes
  • Slow recovery after any physical or mental exertion
  • Cognitive fatigue and difficulty sustaining focus
  • Worsening of all symptoms after even mild activity

Several nutrients are particularly important for mitochondrial recovery:

Vitamin C protects mitochondrial membranes from oxidative damage and supports the enzyme systems that produce cellular energy. Riboflavin is a direct component of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the mechanism cells use to produce ATP. Niacinamide is required for NAD+, the molecule that powers every major mitochondrial energy reaction. Magnesium is required for ATP itself to be biologically active. Without adequate magnesium, the ATP your mitochondria produce cannot be properly utilized.


Genetics That Affect Epstein-Barr

Your genetics do not determine whether EBV will reactivate. They influence how efficiently your body manages oxidative stress, clears histamine, produces energy, repairs cells, and mounts an antiviral immune response. Understanding your genetic patterns allows you to target nutritional support precisely where your biology needs it most.

GSTM1 and GSTT1 Deletions

These genes produce enzymes that attach glutathione to toxic molecules so they can be safely removed. When these genes are absent, the body's ability to neutralize oxidative byproducts during infection is significantly reduced.

GSTP1

Another glutathione transferase enzyme active in many tissues including the brain. Variants that reduce GSTP1 activity can lower neurological antioxidant protection and increase susceptibility to inflammation-related brain symptoms.

SOD2

Produces an enzyme inside the mitochondria that converts a particularly damaging oxidative molecule into a less harmful form. Reduced SOD2 activity allows mitochondrial oxidative stress to accumulate, impairing energy production and immune cell function simultaneously.

GPX1

Produces glutathione peroxidase, which depends on selenium to function. Reduced GPX1 activity lowers the body's capacity to neutralize peroxides generated during viral infections and immune responses.

NQO1

Helps recycle antioxidants including vitamin E and CoQ10, and protects cells from quinone toxicity. Variants that reduce NQO1 activity can increase oxidative damage and reduce the effectiveness of antioxidant supplementation.

NOS2 and NOS3

These genes regulate nitric oxide production. Nitric oxide plays a role in vascular health, immune defense, and mitochondrial function. Variants that alter nitric oxide balance can affect circulation, oxygen delivery to tissues, and the inflammatory response during viral reactivation.

MTHFR

Reduces the efficiency of folate conversion. Folate is required for DNA synthesis, methylation, and immune cell replication. When MTHFR is reduced, recovery from illness is slower and methylation-dependent processes throughout the body are affected.

SHMT1 and SLC19A1 (RFC1)

Both influence folate transport and metabolism inside cells. Variants in these genes can affect how well cells use folate even when dietary intake is adequate, impacting DNA repair, immune cell production, and mitochondrial function.

TCN2

Transcobalamin II is the protein that delivers vitamin B12 into cells. Variants that reduce TCN2 function can impair cellular B12 uptake even when serum B12 levels appear normal, affecting methylation, energy production, and neurological function.

BCMO1

Converts beta-carotene from plant foods into active vitamin A. Reduced BCMO1 activity means plant-based carotenoids are not efficiently converted. Vitamin A is required for mucosal immune defense, and inadequate active vitamin A can lower the body's first line of defense against viral infections.

PEMT

Produces phosphatidylcholine, which is essential for cell membrane integrity. Reduced PEMT activity can impair membrane repair, liver function, and the structural health of cells that come under oxidative attack during chronic infections.

FUT2

Influences mucosal immunity and the composition of the gut microbiome. Certain FUT2 variants are associated with altered gut immune responses and reduced absorption of nutrients like vitamin B12.

HLA Genes

Your HLA type determines how effectively your immune system identifies viral proteins and signals T cells to respond. Some HLA patterns are less efficient at recognizing EBV, allowing the virus more opportunity to persist and reactivate.

IFIH1

Detects viral genetic material inside infected cells and triggers the body's early antiviral defense. Reduced IFIH1 activity can slow the immune system's initial recognition of viral reactivation, giving the virus a longer window before the immune response catches up.

TNF-alpha and IL6

Variants that increase the production of these inflammatory signals can amplify the inflammatory response during viral reactivation, worsening symptoms and slowing recovery.

COMT

Slows the breakdown of catecholamines including dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. When COMT is slow, stress hormones stay elevated longer, cortisol dysregulation persists, and oxidative stress increases, all of which reduce the immune system's ability to maintain viral dormancy.


The Orthomolecular Foundation

The idea that the right nutrients at the right amounts can profoundly change how the body responds to illness is not new. It has roots in decades of clinical observation and research by physicians who were decades ahead of mainstream medicine.

Linus Pauling, PhD

Two-time Nobel laureate who coined the term orthomolecular medicine and argued that optimizing the molecular environment of the body, through nutrient sufficiency rather than pharmaceutical intervention, was fundamental to preventing and recovering from illness. His work on vitamin C brought nutritional medicine to international attention.

Irwin Stone, PhD

Biochemist who introduced Linus Pauling to high-dose vitamin C and spent decades researching human vitamin C requirements. Stone proposed that humans, unlike most other mammals, cannot synthesize vitamin C internally due to a genetic mutation, and that the conventional RDA falls far short of what the body actually needs under stress and illness.

Frederick R. Klenner, MD

A physician who treated hundreds of viral illnesses, including infectious mononucleosis, with high-dose vitamin C over several decades of clinical practice. His published case reports described outcomes that were considered remarkable by conventional standards and helped lay the groundwork for modern orthomolecular approaches to viral illness.

Robert Cathcart, MD

A physician who developed the concept of bowel tolerance dosing for vitamin C, observing that the body absorbs dramatically more vitamin C when it is under oxidative stress from illness. His clinical work suggested that the amount of vitamin C a person can tolerate before experiencing loose stool is a functional measure of how much the body is actually consuming.

Vitamin C is the safest and most valuable substance available to the physician.

Frederick R. Klenner, MD

The sicker the patient, the higher the bowel tolerance.

Robert Cathcart, MD

These observations were built on clinical practice rather than large randomized trials, and they remain foundational to the orthomolecular approach to immune support and viral illness.


Best Nutrients for Epstein-Barr Recovery

The goal is to build and maintain the internal environment in which the immune system can consistently keep EBV dormant. These are the nutrients that matter most.

Vitamin C

Vitamin C is foundational. It is required for the function of neutrophils, the white blood cells that respond first to infection. It supports natural killer cell activity, the cells most responsible for identifying and clearing virally infected tissue. It is needed for T-cell replication and function. It supports adrenal hormone production, which matters because the adrenal glands are depleted rapidly under viral and inflammatory stress. It is a direct cofactor for breaking down histamine, meaning low vitamin C contributes to histamine accumulation. It recycles glutathione, the body's master antioxidant, allowing it to be used again rather than lost. It protects collagen and connective tissue from oxidative damage during periods of chronic inflammation. At higher physiological doses, its tissue-level antioxidant effect is substantial. This is why Klenner, Cathcart, and Pauling all identified it as the single most important nutritional tool in immune support.

Riboflavin (B2)

Riboflavin is far more than a basic B vitamin. It is a structural component of two coenzymes, FAD and FMN, that are embedded directly in the mitochondrial electron transport chain, the mechanism cells use to generate ATP. Without adequate riboflavin, mitochondrial energy production is structurally impaired. Riboflavin is also the rate-limiting step for glutathione recycling. The enzyme that converts oxidized glutathione back into its active, usable form requires riboflavin to function. It activates vitamin B6, which is required for neurotransmitter production and immune regulation. It supports the antioxidant enzyme systems that protect cells from oxidative damage. In people with chronic EBV and significant oxidative stress load, riboflavin is consistently underemphasized and frequently deficient.

Niacinamide (B3)

Niacinamide is the primary precursor to NAD+, a molecule involved in hundreds of cellular reactions, including the production of cellular energy, the activation of DNA repair enzymes, and the regulation of inflammatory processes. Under conditions of chronic viral reactivation and oxidative stress, NAD+ is consumed rapidly. Replenishing it through niacinamide supports mitochondrial recovery, cellular repair, and the body's ability to manage inflammation without depleting its own resources.

Magnesium

Magnesium is required for over 300 enzymatic reactions, including the production and utilization of ATP. ATP must be bound to magnesium to be biologically active, which means even well-functioning mitochondria cannot produce usable energy without adequate magnesium. Magnesium is also central to nervous system regulation, immune enzyme function, and GABA activity, which is why deficiency frequently presents with anxiety, insomnia, and muscle tension. Chronic stress, viral illness, and poor gut absorption all deplete magnesium stores.

Selenium

Selenium is the mineral cofactor for glutathione peroxidase. Without selenium, GPX enzymes cannot neutralize the peroxides generated during immune activity and oxidative stress. People with GPX1 variants are particularly dependent on maintaining optimal selenium status. Selenium also plays a direct role in antiviral immune defense independent of glutathione.

Zinc

Required for T-cell development, antiviral immune responses, and the structural integrity of the gut and respiratory epithelium. Zinc deficiency impairs the body's ability to mount an effective response to viral reactivation and slows recovery from illness.

Vitamin D

Vitamin D receptors are present on most immune cells. Vitamin D helps regulate both the immediate immune response and the longer-term adaptive immune response. Deficiency has been associated with impaired control of multiple viral infections and with increased inflammatory activity. Most people with chronic illness are significantly deficient.

Protein

Antibodies are proteins. Immune cells are built from amino acids. Glutathione is a tripeptide requiring glycine, cysteine, and glutamate. Collagen repair, enzyme production, and tissue recovery all depend on adequate protein intake. Chronic illness and poor appetite often reduce protein intake at exactly the time the body needs it most.


The Gut and Immune Resilience

Approximately 70 percent of the body's immune cells are concentrated in and around the gastrointestinal tract. The gut is not just a digestive organ. It is a major immune organ, and its health directly determines how effectively the immune system can respond to viral challenges.

Compromised gut barrier function allows inflammatory signals and partially digested proteins to enter circulation, creating a persistent low-grade inflammatory state that increases the immune burden over time. Microbiome disruption reduces the gut's ability to produce short-chain fatty acids that feed gut immune cells and maintain barrier integrity. Nutrient malabsorption means that even a good diet may not be delivering adequate levels of the nutrients the immune system depends on.

FUT2 variants in particular influence both mucosal immune function and the gut microbiome composition in ways that can affect B12 absorption and viral susceptibility simultaneously. Supporting digestive health is consistently one of the most important steps in building viral dormancy over the long term.


The Goal Is Dormancy, Not Elimination

EBV remains latent for life after infection. That is the current scientific consensus, and it is unlikely to change. The clinical objective has never been to eradicate the virus. It is to build and maintain the internal environment where the immune system can keep it dormant consistently.

For most people, that means addressing the factors that are actively working against immune resilience: oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, nutrient depletion, gut dysfunction, nervous system dysregulation, and the genetic variants that make those things harder to manage.

The virus is only one part of the story. The body's internal environment determines how effectively the immune system keeps it dormant. Genetics influence nutrient needs. Nutrients influence physiology. Physiology determines resilience. When all of those factors are addressed together, many people experience significant and lasting improvement, not because the virus disappeared, but because the body finally has what it needs to keep it under control.


Know Your Genetic Blueprint

The genetic variants that shape your immune resilience against EBV, your glutathione capacity, your histamine clearance, your mitochondrial efficiency, your methylation, and your oxidative stress response, are all visible in your DNA. Your Comprehensive Genetic Report maps these pathways so you can build a nutritional protocol specific to your biology, not a generic approach that ignores how your body actually works.

Order Your Genetic Report Get Your DNA Kit

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The Virus That Never Leaves: What Epstein-Barr Is Really Doing to Your Body

The Virus That Never Leaves: What Epstein-Barr Is Really Doing to Your Body

Comments (9)

Very useful information thank you ❤️

Cristy

I contracted EBV at age 12 when I was exposed to mono

Jennifer Campbell

Pathogens—particularly herpes viruses and the Epstein-Barr virus within this family—are, along with heavy metals, the two major causes of chronic diseases.

Mononucleosis is only the second of the four stages in the development of the Epstein-Barr virus.
Contrary to what is currently believed by the unclassified scientific community, there are not just one or two strains, but more than sixty, with varying degrees of virulence, and this number is set to increase.
This virus, like others in the herpesvirus family from which it originates, feeds on toxic heavy metals and certain foods (eggs in which they are cultured in laboratories, dairy products, gluten, GMO corn and soy, canola oil, …) and they produce neurotoxins and dermatoxins, in addition to byproducts and viral debris, which cause the inflammation and mysterious ailments that so many people are currently suffering from.

Chronic diseases are cured by detoxifying the body and by killing and putting herpetic viruses into dormancy (in fact, these herpetic viruses cannot be permanently eliminated from the body; we are all carriers of at least one strain today, and at best, about 10% will always remain dormant).

The source containing incredibly accurate information—decades ahead of current scientific knowledge—that revealed the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the epidemic of chronic disease is Medical Medium

The main online article about the virus:
https://www.medicalmedium.com/blog/epstein-barr-virus

Guillaume

Thank you for a very interesting article.

Janette Wiehahn

Very interesting and useful to know!
Thank you ❤️

Torill

This really hits home.
Since Covid four years ago I’ve become extremely ill. MCAS, ibs/sibo, and recently diagnosed with CFS/ME.
Had genetic testing and do have some of the genes in the article. Blood tests show EBV. Am working with an integrative PA on diet and supplements. Problem is my system is SO reactive that nearly everything I try causes bad side effects especially in the GI tract and causing low blood pressure Been able to tolerate C,D, bit of magnesium malate, low potassium electrolytes, but seem to react poorly
to B vitamins, among many other things.
Have an upcoming appointment at Stanford to test for Dysautonomia.
This article is super informative. I learned a lot. Thank you.

Claudia Horton

Wow this really hits home. Now hopefully I can minimize flare ups. Thank you.

Darline Brown Matheny

Very informative, thank you.

Gloria Kaiser

How do you put it into dormancy?

Dieanna

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